schubert symphony no 9 analysis
Carner, Mosco: "The Orchestral Music" in Gerald Abraham, ed., Downes, Edward: "Notes on the Music" in the Toscanini/Philadelphia Orchestra LP (RCA Soria LD 2663, 1962). (Nor did its premiere materialize in December 1828, a month after his death, when it was considered for a memorial concert but rejected, this time in favor of his juvenile but more readily appealing Symphony # 6.) Later, however, Dvok explored his own culture, rooting his music in the dances and songs of Bohemia. Yet such views are often dismissed as a Romantic indulgence and a mere rationalization of having no choice but to accept the portion we have (and, indeed, the two movements hardly seem complementary, not only in mood but dwelling in the unrelated keys of B Minor and E Major). A half-dozen complete acoustical recordings followed, culminating with an exquisitely lush set by Leopold Stokowski and the Philadelphia Orchestra (Victor, 1924) what a shame they never recorded the "Great" all of which were superseded by a dozen more in the first decade of the electrical era. In response they made him a small payment, arranged for the copying of the orchestral parts, and at some point in the latter half of 1827 gave the work an unofficial perfunctory play-through (the exact date and the conductor are unknown) though it was set aside as too long and difficult for the amateur orchestra of the conservatory. Each of these digits is the sum of its component bits As a result, specific bits add to the sum as it is represented by a numeral: These values never produce ambiguous combinations. I got tired of the Beethoven 7th or the 9th and Tchaikovsky's final symphony Had he died in 1801 at Schubert's tender age of 31 he would have written no "Eroica," Fifth, Pastoral, Seventh or "Choral" symphonies, no "Appassionata" or "Hammerklavier" piano sonatas, no "Archduke" trio, no "Kreutzer" violin sonata, no Violin Concerto, no "Emperor" piano concerto, no middle or late quartets, no Fidelio opera, no Missa Solemnis in short, none of the inspired works that revolutionized and changed the course of Western music and on which his fame is based. Rather, his only audience was his circle of friends, for whom he wrote songs and chamber works. For the final movement, Schubert begins with a fanfarelike call from the brass that leads into a heroic sonata-form structure of swirling energy for the full orchestra. A second theme forms the basis of the development section. The attempts to round off Schubert's score as if two polished, magnificent movements were somehow unsatisfactory began with the very first performance on Dec. 17, 1865, when the finale of Schubert's Third Symphony was tacked on to ensure a rousing finish. 9 in C major, D944 'The Great . Practical information In this text a lot of references are made to the score of the symphony. 29. Redirects and rewriting URLs are two very common directives found in a .htaccess file, and many scripts such as WordPress, Drupal, Joomla and Magento add directives to the .htaccess so those scripts can function. Indeed, in Schubert's lifetime few of his works were commissioned or published and only a single public concert of his works was held. The first movement is heavily Beethoven and Mozart influenced (which is not to say the music . 8 In B Minor, D.759 - "Unfinished" - 4. It is the only one of his symphonies which does not include clarinets, trumpets or timpani as part of the instrumentation. Having encountered some stylistic extremes, a useful perspective is provided by historically-informed renditions that not only observe all the repeats but use period instruments played at a lower pitch with techniques of the time in ensembles of a size typical of Schubert's era that is, they attempt to replicate a performance that Schubert himself would have heard. That the smooth Philadelphia version sounds the slowest of all serves to demonstrate that Toscanini's reputed pace is more a function of his lean and meticulous NBC textures than actual speed, which is often miscredited as the root of his distinctive approach. Indeed, Schubert did sketch a scherzo and trio, but orchestrated only the first nine bars. Newcastle University. 5 in Bb: Instrumentation: Strings, flute, 2 oboes, 2 bassoons, 2 horns: Movements: I: Allegro (Bb) II: Andante con moto (Eb) III: Menuetto: Allegro molto (g) IV: Allegro vivace (Bb) Overview: Schubert's Fifth symphony was written when the composer was 19 and is the last of his 'early' symphonies (although given that he died at the age of 31 all his . Throughout we are treated to a high degree of technical polish, attention to precise accents and careful differentiation between slurred and separated notes, abetted by recorded quality that presents the instrumental timbres and balances with extraordinary clarity for the time, all of which further testify to the extraordinary level of excellence of the Hall Orchestra, which Harty had developed and led since 1920. The symphony is scored for 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets in A and C, 2 bassoons, 2 horns in C, 2 trumpets in A and C, 3 trombones, timpani, and strings. Heard today, the combination of Toscanini's concentration and the sheer lush beauty of the orchestra's trademark sound remain stunning. From the hundred-plus other "Great" recordings (or at least among those I've heard), I've tried to select some that present a variety of interesting styles and perspectives. Arnold Schoenberg captured the mythic aura of the ninth symphony in this excerpt from an essay about Mahler: It seems that the Ninth is a limit. Our first Toscanini studio "Great" was the first work he recorded in Philadelphia after he briefly swapped podiums with Stokowski, and the result has aptly been hailed as altogether extraordinary, although not at the time the masters were damaged during processing (wartime shortages were blamed) and resurrected only in 1961 when, in preparation for a memorial broadcast, engineer John Corbett reportedly spent 750 hours meticulously hand-splicing the tics from a tape transfer of the glass-based acetates. Remarkably, Toscanini included the "Great" in his very first orchestral concert in Turin on March 20, 1896 but then dropped it from his repertoire for over three decades, after which it became one of his favorite works. FLAC(CD quality, 44.1 kHz, 16 bit) $41.25 No digital booklet included Add download to basket The final installment of Ren Jacob's Schubert symphony cycle features the B'rock Orchestra performing Symphony No. David Johnson cites its "new and yet uncanny feeling for dark yet phosphorescent instrumentation." Thus in the first movement Mackerras and Goodman are rather strict within a basic pulse, whereas Bruggen opts for a slow introduction and a wild coda, while Norrington begins much faster so as to create a unique sense of urgent expectation before becoming flexible throughout the remainder. Yet it's far from rigid just subtle, with gradual tempo adjustments that seem more in keeping with Schubert's artistic temperament. George Szell & the Cleveland orchestraINTRODUCTION0:00 - A horn call opens the symphony and beautifully sets the mood. Schubert did so because, as Harold Schonberg points out, he was the first great composer not to have been a performer and thus was removed from the needs of audiences and patrons (with whom he was too shy to associate anyway). Which brings us back to Schuberts NinthSketched during the summer of 1825, a year after the completion of Beethovens epic Ninth Symphony, the Great C major Symphony was a radical departure from the small-scale elegant charm of Schuberts earlier classical symphonies. Rather remarkably, the first two "Greats" on record were released nearly concurrently and provide an instructive stylistic contrast to inform all that would follow. Yet, a further factor was operative after the War Furtwngler found an inner peace and spirituality that added a new sense of depth, intensity and commitment to his work, all of which are abundantly evident in his 1953 Berlin concert in which power and energy are redirected constructively and positively, culminating in a finale coda of ecstatic triumph. By then he had molded the NBC Symphony into an ideal instrument to convey his late style but the fidelity is atypically flat and draws attention to brittle phrasing and an overall dearth of warmth or lyricism. Or consider the opening most conductors play it quite slowly and then accelerate for the ensuing allegro exposition, although Truscott, for one, considers this to signal ignorance of the continuity of Schubert's thoughts. To Winter, Schubert found his symphonic voice through "unquenchable rhythmic vitality." For a while, scholars considered it to be his Grand Duo, D.812, for piano four hands, due in part to its density and overall orchestral character. 6 (Little C Major), which had not yet been heard publicly. Blech reigned at the Berlin State Opera for three decades that he was ousted and forced to emigrate only in 1937 attests to his esteemed status despite his "degenerate" religion and recorded with its orchestra mostly overtures and short pieces that impress with their alacrity and vibrancy. The server you are on runs applications in a very specific way in most cases. PREMIERE: In 1827 or 1828 Schubert heard it played in a sight-reading rehearsal by the Vienna Society of the Friends of Music. 8, while most English-speaking scholars list it as No. The elder master had lived in Schuberts native Vienna for all of the younger composers life, and Schubert revered but never dared to meet him. Its forms and compositional structures are much as Beethoven would have crafted them. The E flat trio, Schubert's career, and its last two movements 12. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Symphony-No-9-in-C-Major, AllMusic - Symphony No. 9 ("The Great") Schubert's greatest all-around achievement in the field of the Symphony met with forceful resistance when it was first introduced, mainly because of the sheer length of a typical performance, lasting about 60 minutes. The acoustical era saw only the Andante, on four sides and thus presumably complete, from Dirk Foch and the Vienna Philharmonic (Grammophon, 1924). Sketched during the final weeks of Schuberts life, the score wasnt authenticated until the 1970s. 9 in C major, D944, known as The Great, is the final symphony completed by Franz Schubert. Their modern recognition was fueled in large part by the advocacy of Sir Thomas Beecham, whose recordings delightfully combine relaxed geniality and elegant grace, and then expanded by original instrument and chamber ensembles whose reduced forces seem ideally suited to their modest scale. 40 in G Minor: Opening the Door to the Romantic World, Bachs Concerto for Two Violins, The Netherlands Bach Society, Mahlers Third Symphony: A Progression to the Divine, Martins La Revue de Cuisine: A Zany, Jazz Age Ballet Suite, Ravels Gaspard de la Nuit: Three Devilish Sonic Fantasies. Schuberts Ninth Symphony is full of musical conversations between groups, or choirs of instruments. Schubert finally achieved that in November 1822 with his "Unfinished" Symphony that ventures into an entirely new emotional realm and has prompted mystical evocations of its emotional splendor. His brother Ferdinand, with whom he had lived in his final months, sold many of Schubert's manuscripts to publishers and thus fueled a posthumous reputation that had eluded Schubert during his short, impoverished and largely unnoticed life. As the proud leader of a new American breed, Bernstein stood proudly apart from the European "Golden Age" of conductors, yet his style evolved just as much over time. The scherzo bounds with irrepressible energy, yet ideally balanced against terpsichorean grace. 1, Schubert's "Nacht und Trume," Brahms' Violin Sonata No. Vienna Philharmonic. Like the "Unfinished," the "Great" emerged long after Schubert's demise. 5. 9 in C Major 2. (You may need to consult other articles and resources for that information.). Yet, as Maurice Brown pointed out in the 1954 Grove's Dictionary, Schubert had little direct influence, as his far-reaching achievements became known only after music had already moved beyond them on its own. Symphony 7, 8 or 9: Schubert's Great C major. I gratefully acknowledge the following sources for the quotations, references and factual information in this article. But why? Stefan Gottfried, who took his succession, pursues this ambition with a second recording released on the Apart label, including Schubert's Fifth Symphony and Haydn's Symphony no.99. Thus Mortimer Frank, writing approvingly of Toscanini's relative objectivity, trashed the proactive Harty, Walter, Furtwngler and Mengelberg recordings as "rather incoherent, consisting of a series of disconnected (though very expressive) episodes rather than a unified whole." Ninth (usually the former in Germany, the latter in Britain). While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The score of the C major Symphony, dated March 1828, was found by Robert Schumann amongst numerous manuscripts held by Schubert's brother Ferdinand. Apparently the Society at first was sufficiently impressed to remit 100 florins (albeit rather insultingly "as a token of the Society's sense of obligation to you") and to prepare orchestral parts, but after a single rehearsal "provisionally" set it aside "due to its length and difficulty," never scheduled it for performance and ultimately returned it. 5 * Theme from Symphony No. Generally light-hearted, it first taunts with a false resolution of an adagio introduction and then intrigues with an allegro suffused with harmonic longing, an andante of an uncommon mood of sustained tranquility, a scherzo that teases with syncopated rhythmic accents wrapped around a heavily-contrasted placid trio, and a finale that dwells more in charm than as the potent culmination typified in the models of the time.) (Allegro vivace) Schubert was known to have written a symphony in Gastein, where he spent most of May through October 1825, but no trace of it has ever surfaced. CHAPTER I FACTS ABOUT THE UNFINISHED SYMPHONY Schubert holds a noteworthy place in the history of music in that he is of the period in which classicism and romanticism converged. While it is flavored throughout by flexible tempos compared to the 1947 NBC recording, the scherzo bounds ahead with special energy and a one-to-a-bar feeling of relentless determination. The server generally expects files such as HTML, Images, and other media to have a permission mode of 644. Indeed, while we tend to think of Schubert as bursting with carefree and joyous melody, he revealed a far different side in an 1824 letter to a friend: "I feel myself to be the most unhappy, the most wretched man in the world. Boult would go on to record the Great twice more for Nixa in 1955 with the London Philharmonic (identified in the American Westminster LP release as the Philharmonic Promenade Orchestra for contractual reasons) and again with the London Philharmonic for EMI in 1972. The unperformed Symphony No. David Montgomery reminds us that the Viennese style consists of leisurely tempos and humorous grace that derive from dance traditions and Schubert was the most Viennese of all the great musicians associated with that cultural center (Mozart, Beethoven), as he was the only one born and raised there. Lang calls it "a most complicated composite utilizing a plethora of material with an assuredness that makes it appear as simple as a song" while Lang cites "imagination and poetry which he never more ardently expressed" and Cross deems it "so strikingly beautiful as to be almost painful.". and crossed by polyphonic textures based on fragments of the same sketches." The best recordings of Schubert's Symphony No. The read bit adds 4 to its total (in binary 100), The write bit adds 2 to its total (in binary 010), and. 7, in accordance with the revised Deutsch catalogue and the Neue Schubert-Ausgabe), commonly known as the Unfinished Symphony (German: Unvollendete), is a musical composition that Schubert started in 1822 but left with only two movementsthough he lived for another six years. Written when he was just eighteen years old the composition is a concise and peculiar example of classical Sonata form. The Andante continually heaves jaggedly among tempo extremes, slowing for partial cadences even in mid-phrase and, in a highly melodramatic touch, rushes headlong to a shattering climax that obliterates the pace, with the recovery barely moving at all. Our next document (also only privately available) is his 1938 second concert with his then-new NBC Symphony and is strikingly similar but with notably sharper dynamic contrasts. Some consider the torso as an entirely satisfying unified entity. Leibowitz's first movement is utterly intrepid a teasingly patient introduction that collides into a breathlessly-paced allegro and a frenzied coda, by far the fastest overall timings I've encountered a mere 11:50 (compared to Toscanini's 13) that must have startled the unsuspecting Reader's Digest crowd seeking some pleasant relaxation. Harty recorded quite prolifically, through a broad swath of the classical and romantic repertoire, and also led the Hall in a pioneering 1927-8 set of Schubert's incidental music to Rosamunde, of which only the popular overture and a few other excerpts had previously been recorded. The rest is somewhat bland steady, slower and a bit hesitant and tired yet unfortunately it's the only Walter recording of the "Great" that's generally available and which most listeners are apt to know. The development begins around 7:20. Yet the most remarkable movement (at least as heard in the Newbould restoration) is the third, a combined scherzo and finale that presents a texture unprecedented in the entire prior Schubert canon as noted by Newbould a "tour de force of counterpoint" including canon, augmentation and fugato and concluding with a combination of the two principal themes. [7], A recent hypothesis suggests that the symphony may have received its first performance on 12 March 1829 in a Concert Spirituel at the Landstndischer Saal of the Palais Niedersterreich in Vienna. Some believe that Schubert may have reworked the remainder into other pieces, or that he changed course to suppress the painful memory of the syphilis he had just contracted and that surely darkened his psyche, or that he could not find a suitable completion for these two slow, intensely dramatic movements. He injects elements into his instrumental music that are not encountered in works of classic composers, such as certain forms of lyricism. In many cases this is not an indication of an actual problem with the server itself but rather a problem with the information the server has been instructed to access or return as a result of the request. HTTP download also available at fast speeds. For the second movement, the solo oboe begins with a gentle marchlike theme, soon boldly restated by the strings. Indeed, given the phenomenal esthetic journey he had already packed into the last decade of his short life we can only ponder what Schubert might have achieved had he been allotted even a few more years, much less the 30 or so to which he should have been entitled. Before you do anything, it is suggested that you backup your website so that you can revert back to a previous version if something goes wrong. Please contact your web host. In their 1939 Men of Music, Wallace Brockway and Herbert Weinstock assert that it has "a beginning as promising as any symphony ever had" but then "lapses into a vein of irrelevant garrulousness" and "concludes on a maundering, inconsequential note." George Szell & The Cleveland orchestraThe scherzo is one of the most rhythmically relentless pieces in the orchestral repertoire, far surpassing what a liste. Would contrapuntal explorations have infused an entirely new path for Schubert, much as it impelled Beethoven's final decade? As a result, rather than challenging us with constant shifts, the few times that Harty does something radical really stand out, as when he grinds to a near-halt for the final moments of the first movement, suddenly accelerates the da capo scherzo and presents the end of the finale with an enormous sense of grandeur. Stock and the Chicago Symphony, though, provide the first recording to emanate from outside England. 9, would be better-off in Leipzig, where his friend Felix Mendelssohn was championing new compositions. 838 Words4 Pages. Originally called The Great C major to distinguish it from his Symphony No. 3 D major - Pyotr Ilyich . Neither quintessentially French nor German (and certainly not Viennese), perhaps Munch's "Great" is simply American, as is the clear-cut 1957 rendition by George Szell and the Cleveland Orchestra (Columbia LP, Sony CD). The third set represents the others class. As with all his renditions, the Andante is taken at a far quicker pace than nearly any others (about 12 minutes vs. a common 15 or so), turning the walk into a trot and lending an impression of inevitability and restlessness that guards against any sense of indolence or needless replication. Analysis of seven masterworks includes passages from Bach's Orchestral Suite No. As noted by Edward Rothstein in a New York Times obituary, he occasionally was criticized as rather dull in other repertoire, fundamentally due to his approach marked by taste and precision, shaped by crisp restraint. Yet their moderation barely dilutes the striking impact of the allegro that invokes the headstrong energy of a youthful romp, far removed from adulthood, much less the weight of looming mortality. 8, mysterious and beguiling, and the "Romantic" Symphony No. The permissions on a file or directory tell the server how in what ways it should be able to interact with a file or directory. (See the section on what you can do for more information.). More technically, this is an octal representation of a bit field each bit references a separate permission, and grouping 3 bits at a time in octal corresponds to grouping these permissions by user, group, and others. 9 might have vanished if not for the intervention of Robert Schumann. While vaunted for his literalism, even Toscanini didn't escape censure for insufficient detachment Spike Hughes' analysis of the 1947 Toscanini NBC recording faulted its lack of rhythmic precision as "striking at the very root of rhythm," his hurrying through dotted-note sequences as subjecting the music to "an unnatural stimulation which deprived them of most of their effectiveness" and his speeding up portions of the finale as spoiling the emotional intensity and natural impulse and depriving Schubert from speaking for himself. Celibidache often takes the somewhat dubious prize for the slowest performances on record, and so he does here, weighing in at 57 minutes with no repeats (not even in the first scherzo which nearly everyone takes). Yet his few recordings of other symphonies, including the Haydn # 88 (Polydor, 1934) and Mozart # 34 (Electrola, 1930) display similar pacing schemes, with very quick fast movements and very measured slow ones. At first collected in a folio of nine incomplete movements in D major, analysis of the papers in 1978 established a chronology placing three in late 1828 (and the others in 1818 and 1820-1). Montgomery, David: "Franz Schubert's Music in Performace" in Christopher Gibbs, ed. Winter calls the first movement not only unique in Schubert's output but "unprecedented in the symphonic literature with its towering climaxes, its subjective, almost confessional tone and its extreme contrasts between violence and lyrical pathos." It wasnt until 1838, ten years after the composers death, that Robert Schumann discovered the manuscript and brought it to Felix Mendelssohn, who conducted a performance at the Gewandhaus in Leipzig on March 21, 1839. Melodies stated early in the movement reappear after development of fragments of those melodies, as a Beethovenian sonata form would demand. Early in 1822, Schubert was at the zenith of his career and he began writing a monumental Symphony in B minor. His When Franz Schubert died at the tragically young age of 31, he left behind a piano score for what would have become his Tenth Symphony. Admittedly, Koussevitzky was a tough act to follow when Munch took over the helm of the Boston Symphony in 1949, and yet he led magnificently vital readings of the German masters, including a sensationally propulsive and genuinely joyous 1958 Beethoven Ninth. To be fair, some of these composers wrote slightly more or less than nine symphonies. 10, Bruckner's Symphony No. Beethoven is known to have admired Schubert's songs but the two never met (other than, in a way, at Beethoven's funeral, which Schubert attended) although in 1822 Schubert dedicated a set of variations on a French song to him and tried to deliver a copy but Beethoven was not at home and Schubert never returned. Yet Blech concludes with a sharp reminder of his artistic prerogative rather than going along with either of the standard interpretations of Schubert's ambiguous final expressive marking, he not only plays the last chord short but as a rinforzando (suddenly getting louder). His recordings of major works, though, elude a consistent style and reflect considerable adaptability reliable accompaniment (rather placid for Schnabel in 1942 Beethoven Fourth and Fifth Piano Concertos and fiery for Milstein in a 1940 Tchaikovsky Violin Concerto), lots of sudden gear-shifting in a 1927 Tchaikovsky Fifth, a fairly detached 1940 Strauss Also Sprach Zarathustra, and Schumann First (1929) and Fourth (1941) Symphonies that lie comfortably in between. It is the longest of Schubert's symphonies, the work was not professional performed . Listen for those incredible moments when were suddenly whisked off to a surprising new key (the expositions second theme at the 5:14 mark, the beginning of the development section at 7:20 and the passage between 10:38 and 10:47). Picture to yourself a man whose brightest hopes have come to naught, to whom love and friendship at best offer only pain . Schubert's Ninth Symphony ("The Great") was a particular favorite of George Szell. Quicker tempi bring with them a galloping motif that allows the music to charge forward dramatically, often with contrasting melodies overlying that fundamental rhythm. Unfinished, but included The official "Unfinished" symphony (No. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. In keeping with classical tradition, the score indicates that not only the first-movement exposition (about 3 minutes) and both halves of the scherzo and trio (about 5 minutes) are to be repeated, but also, less commonly, the entire first third of the finale (about 4 minutes). Due to a planned power outage on Friday, 1/14, between 8am-1pm PST, some services may be impacted. Betsy Schwarm is a music historian based in Colorado. Music would not need to be violent, almost ugly, to say new things. In the last movement the music is even more effusive than that of the first movement, allowing the symphony to storm gloriously into its final bars. Analysis Symphony No. She serves on the music faculty of Metropolitan State University of Denver and gives pre-performance talks for Opera Colorado and the Colorado Symphony Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. If not, correct the error or revert back to the previous version until your site works again. When its over theres a terrifying moment of silenceand then the music resumes. And while the original score is dated 'March 1828', analysis of the manuscript on which it was written tells us that it was almost certainly completed by the end of 1826. 1: Antonn Dvok by Unknown. He performed it frequently with the Cleveland Orchestra during his tenure as music director, and it remained a staple of his repertoire throughout his long career. 39, No. This very first recording of the "Great" belies his reputation for clarity and elegance and hardly gave first-time listeners an impartial perspective of an unfamiliar work. Schumann concluded his essay on the "Great" on a poignant note. HTTP download also available at fast speeds. Schubert himself never heard it. A more granular issue is the meaning of Schubert's cryptic notation. Overall, within the movements he adheres to a rather mechanical presentation of tempos loud or climactic passages are fast while gentler, sustained portions are slow a scheme that, while superficially engaging, becomes rather predictable. (Yet when asked if Schubert's prolixity put him to sleep, Igor Stravinsky, who championed concision, replied: "What does it matter if, when I awake, it seems to me that I am in paradise?") Some claim that Schubert linked its composition to the terrible mercury treatment he underwent for syphilis . (Schubert's boast of his provenance was true he was the only major Viennese composer actually born there.) (Exposition, theme 1)0:49 - The string. Clearly this astounding transformation was a product of its time and place our next Furtwngler "Great," although only five months later, arose in Sweden, a neutral country where he briefly breathed freer air and associated with emissaries from the free world. You may need to scroll to find it. Album Reviews. Emelyanychev takes this and shapes a performance of Schubert's colossal ninth symphony that . In a subsequent letter to his wife, Clara Schumann, he penned these immortal words: "I have found a symphony of heavenly length". In 1828 Viennas Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde (Society of Friends of Music) agreed to give the premiere, but the orchestra struggled with the length and technical complexity of the new piece and ultimately refused to perform it.
Carlington Electric Fireplace Bluetooth,
Easter Dates For The Next 100 Years,
Shooting In Whittier Today,
Property Management Pocatello,
Articles S
