did lucrezia borgia have syphilis
Did lucrezia borgia have History Hit Does Lucrezia Die In The Borgias? - FAQS Clear By focusing on poetry and painting, Lucrezia made a mid-career switch from scandalous widow to patroness of the arts. When word got out about Alfonsos brutal fate, the Roman people immediately began gossiping about the drama behind his demise. WebLucrezia Borgia portrayed by Holliday Grainger in The Borgias TV series, with prominent rings. Before she breathed her last, things would manage to get much, much worse. Lucrezia Borgia was an Italian noblewoman and daughter of Pope Alexander VI. According to lore, Lucrezias favorite piece of jewelry was a special ring. When Alexander VI died in 1503, Lucrezia ceased to play a political role and led a more normal life at the brilliant court of Ferrara, which became a centre for the arts and letters of the Italian Renaissance. ````|201G?30b```>d /0.'c][@b7U5~ fe`g0 5O Madame de Pompadour didn't just share King Louis XV's bed, she also shared his power. Accordingly, Lucrezia was in 1493 married to Giovanni Sforza, lord of Pesaro. Our girl was named after an incredibly chaste and prim Roman woman. Both Cesare and Lucrezia are alleged to have kept poison in a ring. Talk about mommy issues. Giovanni said that Pope Alexander VI only wanted him out of the way so he could have his daughter to himself, which is absolutely disgusting. He ran away from Rome, leading Pope Alexander to send his men to track Alfonso down. Alexander VI, 1503 The child (identified in later life as Lucrezia's half-brother) was most likely the result of a liaison between Rodrigo Borgia (Pope Alexander VI, Lucrezia's father) and an unknown mistress and was not Lucrezia's child. Spanish-Italian duchess-consort of Ferrara, Modena and Reggio (14801519), This article is about the historical person. Cesare was also friends with the guy who led the warriors into Alfonsos rooms to murder him, so yeah, it was Cesare. The murder provoked the desired rupture with Naples. For other uses, see, Possible Lucrezia portrait painted from life (attributed to, First marriage: Giovanni Sforza (Lord of Pesaro and Gradara), Second marriage: Alfonso d'Aragon (Duke of Bisceglie and Prince of Salerno), Third marriage: Alfonso d'Este (Duke of Ferrara). Even so, to this day, people think of Lucrezia Borgia as a femme fatale who facilitated her male relatives corruption. Awkwardly, Alfonso already knew Lucrezia a little too well. He would force Alfonso to marry his daughter. There's something about the family structure that encourages secrets. According to his biographer, the Chevalier became a great admirer of Lucrezia's, considering her a "pearl on this Earth".[25]. He basically told Alfonsos family that hed ruin them if Alfonso didnt marry Lucrezia. endstream endobj startxref Lucrezia Borgia - Wikipedia Lucrezia responded with a ruthless betrayal. [11], It was widely rumoured[12] that Lucrezia's brother Cesare was responsible for Alfonso's death, as he had recently allied himself (through marriage) with France against Naples. What happened to Albizzi? Headshotsmarathon.org The least weird idea is that Lucrezias son, Giovanni Borgia, was the son of Lucrezia and her fathers chamberlain, Perotto Calderon (who was found dead soon after, so this definitely seems probable: killing Lucrezias lover seems like something the Borgias would do). Our editors are instructed to fact check thoroughly, including finding at least three references for each fact. He was considered the handsomest man in Italy, there were inevitably rumours of incest with his sister Lucrezia and he had syphilis from his early twenties. A few centuries later, Lord Byron described their love letters as the prettiest love letters in the world. Lucrezia also probably had affairs with a bunch of other people because she does whatever she wants, what else did you expect? Did Lucrezia Borgia have syphilis? - The Famous Celebrity I tried to get my ex-wife served with divorce papers. %%EOF But there was a legitimate reason for their intense attachments to one another. The historical Lucrezia Borgia was a noblewoman born in the late 15th century a member of one of Italy's most powerful families. There were weird rumors that it was the child of Lucrezia and her father, Pope Alexander VI, or that it was the son of Lucrezia and her brother Cesare. Some people thought that she wasnt there just for some R&R. Insanely jealous of her second husband, Alfonso of Aragon (Duke of Bisceglie) when the Prince visited them in Rome, Cesare's men attacked him during the night. At the time, her father was just Cardinal Rodrigo Borgianot yet Pope Alexander VI. Alfonso fled Rome, leaving Lucrezia alone and six months pregnant. Lucrezia Borgia: Poisoner, Seductress, Mother, Widow. Lucrezia Borgia Justifiably, the girl felt like she needed a vacation. She reigned as the Governor of Spoleto, a position usually held by cardinals, in her own right. The new Alfonsos father was not enthusiastic about his son marrying Lucrezia, because she was Lucrezia, and Lucrezia too didnt want to get married. Even when the Borgia familys power declined after Pope Alexanders breathed his last in 1503, Lucrezias prominent court helped her hold onto her authority. In her early 20s, a courtier took a totally-not-creepy catalog of the Borgia daughter. Some people suit their name perfectly. She was married off to Giovanni Sforza, an illegitimate son of Costanzo I Sforza. When her dad brought up the idea of a new marriage, Lucrezia shut him down, bitterly saying that her husbands had record of being very unlucky. Yeah, her third husband wouldnt break that trend. Such words (and worse) have often described Lucrezia Borgia, one of the scandalous children of Pope Alexander VI. Somehow, even this twisted arrangement is better than what the Borgias did to Lucrezias spouse. After Alfonsos violent end, Lucrezia was devastated by grief. Its said she had an affair during her third marriage. WebWhat happened to Lucrezia Borgia first son? The two even lived together when Lucrezia became the Duchess of Ferrara years later. The Borgias did indeed want to kill Giovanni, and Lucrezia found this out from her brother Cesare and had Giovanni flee Rome. WebLucrezia Borgia was born in Subiaco, Italy, on 18 April 1480, the illegitimate daughter of the Spanish Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia and his long-time mistress Vanozza dei Cattanei. We dont know exactly who did it, but if we put together the accusation of Alfonso trying to kill him and the rumor that he was in love with his sister, Lucrezia, well find that its definitely Cesare. Join thousands of others and start your morning with our Fact Of The Day newsletter. Soon after Lucrezia settled into the nunnery, the body of her alleged lover Perotto was found in the Tiber river, along with a chambermaid. Lucrezia Borgia (q.v. Talk:Lucrezia Borgia Lucrezia Borgia: Life, Love and Death in Renaissance Italy by Sarah Bradford Viking 25, pp421. Did Lucrezia Borgia have syphilis? After seeming to recover for two days, she worsened again and died on 24 June the same year. One painting, Portrait of a Youth by Dosso Dossi at the National Gallery of Victoria, was identified as a portrait of Lucrezia in November 2008. She also had a relationship with a poet named Pietro Bembo. In the end, Lucrezia managed to pull through, but at one dark moment, she was so weak that she couldnt even feel her own pulse. Despite the haters, Lucrezia was still a great beauty. But after Rodrigos birth, everything changed for the worse. However, Giovanni Sforza also had to sign a contract saying that the marriage was never consummated because he was impotent. Corruption, incest, ruthless megalomania, avarice and vicious crueltyall have been associated with their name. Alfonso of Aragon was an illegitimate son of the King of Naples and tradition has it that Lucrezia's brother Cesare Borgia may have had him murdered after his political value waned. Alfonso and Lucrezia were fond of each other at first, and there was also the added benefit that Alfonso wasnt a weird old man. Alfonso was her brother. List of The Borgias episodes Eventually, though, the Pope issued two papal bulls. Upon Cesares alliance with the French king Louis XII (1499) and his subsequent campaign in the Romagna, which threatened Naples, Alfonso fled Rome in August but returned with Lucrezia in October. Its a good thing she inherited her moms vixen gene. Even the most popular image attributed to her figurePortrait of a Youth by Dosso Dossiis uncertain. The experts foretold this baby would have a remarkable life ahead of her. Her father was obviously very eager to get an alliance out of her. Before walking down the aisle with Alfonso dEste, Lucrezia had to declare herself to be a virgin. Olinda Bozn - Wikipedia As Isabella coldly snubbed Lucrezias overtures, feeling that she was her rival. Did Juan Borgia have syphilis? Amidst all the drama with Lucrezias runaway husband, she did manage to enjoy one good thing. Syphilis affected many illustrious personages in the 15th and 16th centu- ry, such as the Kings of France, Charles VIII and Historys most fascinating stories and darkest secrets, delivered to your inbox daily. When the French King tried to take over Naples, the Borgias politely declined (read: convinced him they were BFFs, then ruthlessly betrayed him), only for the Sforzas to support him. As part of Lucrezias Bad Girl of the Renaissance image, people would claim that her giving up Rodrigo was proof that she had an ice-cold heart. Are There Any Descendants Of The Borgias Alive Today? Lucrezia was no dummy. For valid reasons, actually. But her dad wasnt one to let a perfectly eligible young lady sit around without a politically advantageous marriage. Giovanni had been stabbed multiple times. Theres an incredible meet-ugly behind Lucrezias affair with her brother-in-law Francesco. A stillborn daughter (1502), first child by d'Este; Isabella Maria d'Este (born and died on 14 June 1519). Did Dont get too mad about this. According to lore, the infamous banquet involved 50 courtesans who crawled around and picked up chestnuts off the floor. In reality, Lucrezia was utterly devastated by the loss of her second husband. Lucrezia Borgia Did Lucrezia Borgia have syphilis? Going even further, Lucrezias naysayers alleged that she was pregnant with her lovechild at the same time that she was testifying to her own virginity. A child was born, however, in the Borgia household the year before Lucrezia's marriage to Alfonso of Aragon. Lucrezia (1480-1519) with whom the pope was reputed to have slept was cast not only as a whore, but also as a poisoner, a murderer, and a witch. The worst of all is the legendary Banquet of the Chestnuts. The 1501 banquet was an orgy hosted by Lucrezias brother (ew) for their pope father (double ew). She had a relationship with Francesco II Gonzaga, her brother-in-law, and that lasted until (most historians think) he caught syphilis. But even Lucrezia couldnt smooth over every scandal. Remember Sancia, who was married to Lucrezias younger brother, but banging her two older brothers? On a hot summer night in July of 1500, Alfonso climbed the steps that led to the Vatican. Keep in mind that as this mess was unfolding, Lucrezia was only 17 years old. See, Durant, Will. So what did Lucrezias father (whom she was also maybe sleeping with) do? No, hed either go to his personal cannon-making factory or walk around town in his birthday suit while he held two things: His sword and his manhood. WebDid Lucrezia Borgia have syphilis? The affair between Francesco and Lucrezia was passionate, more sexual than sentimental as can be attested in the fevered love letters the pair wrote one another. Alfonso was the half-brother of Lucrezias brother Gioffre Borgias wife, so they probably already knew a lot about each other. Forget about an annulmentthis kid was going down. After her marriage ended, she booked it to a convent and tried to enjoy some peace and quiet. Then a couple months later, when the Borgia family sniffed out a better option, they dumped Lucrezias first fianc and traded up. Juan boasts to his father that his wife is pregnant with a son. She had to give up custody of her beloved toddler Rodrigo. The mysterious origin of the child as well as Lucrezias presence at a celebrated night orgy at the Vatican have been used to support the rumours of incest in the Borgia family. [17] It has been claimed that the affair ended when Francesco contracted syphilis and had to end sexual relations with Lucrezia. He was related to a lot of powerful people, so thirteen-year-old Lucrezia became the wife of someone more than twice her age. As a workaround, Lucrezia made do with a brutal action. He said that Pope Alexander broke up him and Lucrezia so that he could, and I quote, have the freedom to enjoy himself with his own daughter. Obviously, Giovanni Sforza was biased. After Lucrezias hubby ticked off her dad, Pope Alexander hatched a brutal plan. It seems far-fetchedbut the evidence is chilling. Lucrezia retired to Nepi, and during this period the mysterious Infans Romanus (Roman Infant) was first seen, the three-year-old boy named Giovanni, with whom Lucrezia appeared in 1501. Heres another sign that Lucrezia and Alfonso dEste truly had the hots for each other. Lucrezia Borgia and the entire Borgia family are quite infamous. Not only did Lucrezia grow up away from her disinterested mother, she also had a pretty weird relationship with her dads new girlfriend Guilia. Its a historical fact that on their wedding night, they did the deed three times. The English poet Lord Byron was a big fan of Lucrezia Borgia. History says Cesare Borgia suffered from syphilis and to cover his scars wore a mask and dressed in black. He reluctantly did, and the marriage was over. One example is the Banquet of Chestnuts. The groom was Giovanni Sforza, himself an out-of-wedlock son of Costanzo I Sforza. Of course, her hasty retreat only fuelled more rumors. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Just look at the list of her potential baby daddies. He married Lucrezia on 12 June 1493 in Rome. And so, in March 1498, a boy of uncertain parentage entered the Borgia household. It seems clear that syphilis, to which Donizetti himself later succumbed, was already taking its toll of his family. Lucrezia ran off to a convent to try and catch a break from her family, but nothing ever stops happening with them since theyre the literal Borgias, and this time, it was the death probably murder of her brother Giovanni. Lucrezia Borgia: Incest, Poison and Sexual Scandal Heck, they even spoke a rare language other to make sure their secrets stayed in the family. Well, he was around for about thirty more years after Lucrezias death. Alfonso dEste, son of Ercole I, duke of Ferrara, married Lucrezia on December 30, 1501, although he shunned the union for a time because of the Borgias unsavoury reputation. Sources: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, Cunning Facts About The Borgias, Italys Most Scandalous Family, These Jerks Had No Idea Who They Were Messing With, Plot Twist: These Surprise Endings Made Our Jaws Hit The Floor, These Stories Of Unforgettable Close Calls Made Our Jaws Drop, Bone-Chilling Moments We'll Never Be Able To Explain. Thanks for your help! The second, contradictory, bull recognized him as the son of Pope Alexander VI. Fair enough, Lucrezias future father-in-law was initially hesitant to wed his heir to Romes most scandalous widow. Juan boasts to his father that his wife is pregnant with a son. Although Catherine's successor Queen Anne Boleyn suffered an infamously dark fate, Aragon's own life was somehow even more tragic. While shed carry this baby to term, in the long run, the childs birth spelled doom for Lucrezia. Shocker: That ticked Sforza off. He was attacked and strangled in his bed, by an agent of her brother, Cesare in 1500. Omissions? Remember Infans Romanus, Giovanni Borgia, that illegitimate child that everyone thought was Lucrezias with her father or Cesare? In reality, Lucrezia was devastated that she had to say goodbye to Rodrigo, and even from afar, she did what she could to help him by funding his education, and sending him letters and gifts. What can we say? After this attack, Alfonso passed. Lucrezia Borgia (1480-1519) Isabella and Lucrezia did not get along at all well, though their ill feeling predated the affair. Lucrezia was just seventeen, and her first husband was out the window. She made multiple attempts to regain custody of her child, but they all came to naught. Donizetti, (Domenico) Gaetano (Maria) Catherine of Aragon was King Henry VIIIs first wife and longest-lasting Queen of England. Seeking to strengthen his ties with Naples, the pope in 1498 arranged a marriage between Lucrezia and the 17-year-old Alfonso, duke of Bisceglie, an illegitimate son of Alfonso II of Naples. For centuries, people have argued over who ordered the hit on Alfonso. Well, Alfonsos family ruled Naples, so great, right? The child was named Giovanni, but is often mysteriously referred to as Infans Romanus, or the Roman child. As though all that wasnt enough scandal, Pope Alexander then did something that would solidify the controversy into historical fact. And yes, people did think that Lucrezias father and brother were her lovers. His distress was exacerbated by the fact that none of the three children born to them survived birth. Their love letters were deemed "the prettiest love letters in the world" by the Romantic poet Lord Byron when he saw them in the Ambrosian Library of Milan on 15 October 1816. Giovanni refused and accused Lucrezia of paternal incest. Husbands hiding things from wives, mothers from children, and generation from generation. [citation needed], On 26 February 1491, a matrimonial arrangement was drawn up between Lucrezia and the Lord of Val D'Ayora, in the kingdom of Valencia, Don Cherubino Joan de Centelles, which was annulled less than two months later in favour of a new contract engaging Lucrezia to Don Gaspare Aversa, count of Procida. In July 1500 he was wounded by four would-be assassins on the steps of St. Peters. When she signed letters as a widow, she even changed her name. The couple shared three sons in Lucrezia was probably given a great education and grew up near her father. A man named Michelotto Corella lead a group of warriors into Alfonsos chambers, where they proceeded to strangle the already-weak man. Alfonso couldnt hide from his angry papal father-in-law forever. Another description said, "her mouth is rather large, the teeth brilliantly white, her neck is slender and fair, and the bust is admirably proportioned."[28]. Not long after Lucrezias marriage, the Borgias need for an alliance with the Sforza family expired in bombastic fashion. WebThe Borgias. Below are 5 things that you (probably) never knew about Cesare Borgia. The Borgias is a historical drama created by Neil Jordan based upon the life of Rodrigo Borgia, later Pope Alexander VI, and his family. Luckily for Lucrezia, her husband still had a super-powerful family, and even better, he didnt seem to mind her being unfaithful. [7] The pope asserted that his daughter's marriage had not been consummated and was thus invalid. And then, just after Lucrezia got married, her whole family regretted it. Did Despite their mutual adultery, Lucrezias final marriage to Alfonso dEste was also mutually affectionate. But wait, you say, wasnt this third marriage supposed to be good? Is there a season 3 of The Borgias? Ufoscience.org In any case, Lucrezia seems to have been flagrantly thirsty for her not-so-secret boyfriend. See, that Borgia wiliness can be used for good stuff too! She was an illegitimate daughter of Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia and one of his mistresses, Vannozza dei Cattanei. Instead, Lucrezia ran an impressive court at her husbands place. The couple shared three sons in addition to Lucrezia: Cesare, Giovanni, and little Gioffre. That couldnt be further from the truth. A) The baby was Lucrezias secret child with her now-ex-husband Sforza; B) Lucrezia had the baby with her own brother (!) Did Lucrezia Borgia have syphilis? Pinterest. As Alfonso recovered from his extensive wounds with Lucrezia by his side, the couple began to think that they just might get out of this mess. Giovanni Borgia was also named duke of Palestrina on 17 September 1501. You know, just in case someone was getting on her nerves at dinner. Syphilis affected many illustrious personages in the 15th and 16th centu- ry, such as the Kings of France, Charles VIII and Francis I; the popes Alexander VI, Julius II and Leo X; Cesare and Lucrezia Borgia, Erasmus of Rotterdam and Benvenutto Cellini, who, among oth- ers, survived syphilis without consequences1 . When Rodrigo became Pope Alexander VI, he sought to be allied with powerful princely families and founding dynasties of Italy. Oh, and he also made the literal King of France write to the Duke and tell him to do what the Pope said. At first, things went well between Lucrezia and Hubby Number Two. Even Popes can be superstitious. Around this time, Lucrezia also became Governor of Spoleto, so thats amazing for her. Lucrezia wasnt even a teenager, and she already had two failed engagements under her belt, and her love life would only get more scandalous. [14], Neither partner was faithful: beginning in 1503, Lucrezia enjoyed a long relationship with her brother-in-law, Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua. Thanks to rumors spread by Lucrezias early ex-husband, Sforza, people believed in the most scandalous possible option. [26], She is described as having heavy blonde hair that fell past her knees, a beautiful complexion, hazel eyes that changed colour, a full, high bosom, and a natural grace that made her appear to "walk on air". Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. Her three successive marriages into prominent families helped augment the political and territorial power of the Borgias. Web8 Lucrezia's complicity in her father's politics 9 Borgia in Blackadder 10 To add-- Witchblade appearance. 7. And Cesare hb``g`` Many of these concern allegations of incest, poisoning, and murder on her part; however, no historical basis for these rumours has ever been brought forward beyond allegations made by rival parties. The two ladies had a lot in common as intellectual patronesses of the Renaissance but alas, their friendship was not to be. She was a thoroughly accomplished princess, fluent in Spanish, Catalan, Italian, and French, which prepared her for advantageous marriage to any European monarch or prince, and literate in both Latin and Greek. The best revenge might be living well, but that doesn't mean we can always turn the other cheek. Lucrezias father, Rodrigo Borgia, ended up becoming Pope Alexander VI, so he didnt need to marry Lucrezia off to some regular old noble, she could get a really good husband. Were always looking for your input! As Duchess of Ferrara, Lucrezia heavily patronized Bembos work, and their letters to each other have been interpreted by some as quite romantic. The Duchess of Ferrara aged, and, in 1519, she was pregnant for the last time. Heres the thing: Lucrezia and Alfonso dEstes marriage workeddespiteher third husbands intense weirdness. One said the kid was the illegitimate offspring of Lucrezias older brother, Cesare. Lucrezia Borgia was born on April 18th, 1480. She is completing her PhD in Toronto, Canada. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. WebDid Lucrezia Borgia have syphilis? Even thought their courtship wasnt too lovey dovey, the marriage between Lucrezia and Alfonso dEste was very successful. Rumors about her and her family cast Lucrezia as a femme fatale, a role in which she has been portrayed in many artworks, novels and films. The other five passed away in infancy or childhood. This was, in sum, a lot for Lucrezia to deal with. He therefore called off Lucrezia's previous eng But it emanated from me I authorized it. He was just 19 years old. How do we know this? The bro-mance probably began in 1503, and some think it continued until Gonzaga romantically caught syphilis. Remember how theyd gotten rid of Lucrezias first husband, Giovanni Sforza, because the Sforzas were allied with the French against Naples, while the Borgias were allied with Naples against France? Shocker: The 13-year-old Lucrezia found little in common with her 27-year-old first husband Giovanni Sforza. Updates? Famous are the cases of Cesare Borgia (14761507), son of Pope Alexander VI, daughter of Lucrezia de Medici and Jacopo Salviati and granddaughter of Lorenzo the Magnificent, was born in Florence in 1499. Her later life was plagued by tragedies. It is rumoured that Lucrezia was in possession of a hollow ring that she used frequently to poison drinks. Lucrezia asked Alfonso to come back to Rome, so he came, but little did he know that Lucrezias father, the Pope, was behind the little invite. [36][37], An early 20th-century painting by Frank Cadogan Cowper that hangs in the Tate Britain art gallery in London portrays Lucrezia taking the place of her father, Pope Alexander VI, at an official Vatican meeting. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Lucrezia had an absolutely brutal time when it came to childbirth. (LogOut/ She slept with Isabellas husband, naturally. 1. She was just 39 years old. A bunch of guys just stormed into Alfonsos rooms, where they strangled the teenager. Whether she needed some me-time because of her recent split or she was peeved at her interfering family, Rome was abuzz with Lucrezias mysterious trip to the San Sisto nunnery. Then, to make matters so much worse, Rodrigo contracted a fatal illness in 1512. Before he said peace to his ex-wifes family, he gave them one final parting gift. [2] Her mother was Vannozza dei Cattanei, one of the mistresses of Lucrezia's father, Cardinal Rodrigo de Borgia (later Pope Alexander VI). Was there a 12 year old pope? It was a happy-ish marriage, just like Lucrezias second one, and they had eight children who survived past infancy. Mother and son never saw each other again. Borgia WebThe case of Lucrezia Borgia is interesting in that it seemed to her contemporaries that she was one of the most liberated and empowered women in all of Italy. Lucrezia Borgia, Predator or Pawn? - National Geographic The bodies of Pedro Calderon[9] and a maid, Pantasilea, were found in the Tiber in February 1498. And poor Giovanni was literally scared for his life at the time. The problem was, he was a Cardinal, and Cardinals couldnt have As though thats not bad enough, Lucrezia was also the last Borgia standing. christina randazzo gorshin [3], Before long, the Borgia family no longer needed the Sforzas, and the presence of Giovanni Sforza in the papal court was superfluous. Lucrezias confidante Sancia might have been married to little Gioffre Borgia, but that didnt stop her from sleeping with her hubbys brothers,Giovanni and Cesare. Lucrezia Borgia entered the world on April 18, 1480. One of Cesares final acts as Cardinal was crowning the King of Naples. In addition to funding the arts, Lucrezia also had an entrepreneurial streak. {Some sources state that Giovanni returned the dowry. She even had a love affair with her own brother-in-law. Alexander annulled the marriage in 1497 on the dubious grounds of nonconsummation. Its no surprise that men couldnt resist hereven when some of them should have stayed far, far away. The Church believed that such an education would turn demure ladies into impious rebels.
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