impact of covid 19 on pharmaceutical industry pdf
Room discussion planned where whole team sits together and discusses patient management without exposure to the bedside. Cundell T, Guilfoyle D, Kreil TR, Sawant A. PDA J Pharm Sci Technol. Major chemical manufacturing companies such as BASF who were in the process of upscaling production in China have had to delay their activities, contributing to a slowdown in predicted growth [17,18]. Flattening the COVID-19 curves. 2020 Mar 6. Economics in the time of COVID-19 | VOX, CEPR policy portal. statement and Country ownership and sustainability of Nigeria's HIV/AIDS Supply Chain System: qualitative perceptions of progress, challenges and prospects. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal WebThe pandemic of COVID-19 poses considerable crisis on the health markets, including the pharmaceutical sector; and identification of these effects, may guide policy-makers Accessed 3 Dec 2020. Panic-buying has resulted in an increase of 1bn worth of food in UK homes [97]. Kebriaeezadeh A, Koopaei NN, Abdollahiasl A, Nikfar S, Mohamadi N. Trend analysis of the pharmaceutical market in Iran; 19972010; policy implications for developing countries. Gao J, Tian Z, Yang X. Breakthrough: chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies. Food Bank Shortage Blamed on Coronavirus Panic. Businesses who receive such aid are obligated to keep 90% of their employees until September 30, must pay their loans back within five years and are prohibited to issue dividends for up to a year after the full amount of their loan is repaid. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Various medications are returned to pharmacy from the ward where they were not used. Zhang W, Zhao Y, Zhang F, Wang Q, Li T, Liu Z, et al. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Google Scholar. 0000009412 00000 n WHO. J Pharm Policy Pract. Guidance on social distancing for everyone in the UK. Evaluation of availability, accessibility and prescribing pattern of medicines in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The authors declare that they have no competing interests in this section. Another important aspect of event-driven pharmaceutical care is to provide online real-time clinical supports to health care providers working in the battle zone, including front-line physicians, nurses, and pharmacists. Nicola et al. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. 0000009846 00000 n Lucero-Prisno DE, Elhadi YAM, Modber MAA, Musa MB, Mohammed SEE, Hassan KF, et al. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000176. Department of Public Health, Mount Kenya University Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq, Department of Internal Medicine, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya, Global Health Focus Africa, Kigali, Rwanda, Global Public Health Department, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden, Institute for Public Health Innovation, Richmond, VA, USA, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK, You can also search for this author in 0 The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). } !1AQa"q2#BR$3br Making health care safer: a critical analysis of patient safety practices. Moreover, food banks have also been affected by panic-buying and food stockpiling as donations have reduced. Furthermore, markets have gone a step further by shutting down floor trading which has impacted the ability to exchange commodities. COVID-19 To tackle this, part of the 350bn lifeline the United Kingdom (UK) government has released will be used to allow mortgage lenders to offer a three-month mortgage holiday to those in financial difficulty [49]. Sharma A.K. As a result, many of these stores are at risk of permanent closure and many of their employees have lost their jobs. The impact of COVID-19 on the food industry has forced Leon, a UK fast-food chain, to change its business model; 65 of its restaurants were said to turn into shops that sell refrigerated ready -meal-type plastic pouches [108]. Team members share their learnings and aim for the distinctive goal to overcome this challenge. Proper drug supply is critical for a robust healthcare system. 0000004425 00000 n MeSH Background: Parks Closing as Areas Urge Tourists to Stay Away. The tourism sector is currently one of the hardest-hit by the outbreak of COVID-19, with impacts on both travel supply and demand. Figure produced by UNESCO [21]. In addition to this, production of ventilators requires strict regulation and testing to ensure their safety which can be a lengthy process [95]. Concerns about food running out also means that vulnerable populations who can not afford to stockpile, may not find food [99,100]. Here the role of the clinical pharmacist is very crucial to save the lives through monitoring the patients on drugs which may cause hepatoxicity, renal toxicity, or any other ADR and finally adjust the doses based on organ functionality. COVID-19: Impact on Global Pharmaceutical and Medical The pandemic of COVID-19 poses considerable crisis on the health markets, including the pharmaceutical sector; and identification of these effects, may guide policy-makers towards more evidence-informed planning to overcome accompanying challenges. Improving patient safety and work quality involve coordinated efforts of multidisciplinary health care team, including clinical pharmacist as the vital team member. Akande-Sholabi W, Adebisi YA. Pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, organ failure, and death are possible complications [1]. To continue the services and to keep the front-line pharmacy staff safe and fit to work, we decided to decrease the exposure of staff to hospital and to minimize the cluster. Even though mobile solutions have played a huge role in empowering the manufacturingindustries, the virus outbreak has Indian Pharmaceutical Industry in Covid -19 pandemic - Its 0000002940 00000 n Atif M, Malik I, Mushtaq I, Asghar S. Medicines shortages in Pakistan: a qualitative study to explore current situation, reasons and possible solutions to overcome the barriers. Independent supermarkets have also been affected by the high demand on food products. KH: substantial contributions to the conception of the work. This was done by establishing the regulations that require pharmacists to serve customers with limited quantities per person and with proper judgements. Recent literature and treatment updates are regularly shared to provide the best possible care to the patients. More recently, Airlines for America sought a government bailout encompassing $25bn in grants, $25bn in loans, and significant tax relief to ensure survival [82]. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Pharmaceutical Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. 468 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<539CDD5B6440DC42BA167A601031930E>]/Index[452 45]/Info 451 0 R/Length 89/Prev 187670/Root 453 0 R/Size 497/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Su H, Yang M, Wan C, Yi L-X, Tang F, Zhu H-Y, et al. BBC News; 2020 Mar 22. The site is secure. The Pharmaceutical eCollection 2019. Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice As of 19 July, there are 263,496 confirmed cases and 5568 deaths with coronavirus disease in Pakistan (available on:https://covid.gov.pk/stats/pakistan). Prices of agricultural commodities drop 20% post COVID-19 outbreak - rediff Realtime News. Privacy 0000013640 00000 n Qualitative themes of the impact were analyzed using Tesch's approach. Conversely, negative impacts include cancellation of the annual and major trade event E3 2020, alongside the rescheduling and/or cancellation of popular Esport leagues [113]. In Dubai, 13,900 people have signed a petition to decrease indepedent school fees by 30% as parents struggle to source these funds amidst recent pay cuts reaching as high as 50%, and high costs of living. This ban includes anyone who visited these countries within the 14 days prior to their US trip. The pharma industry has played a crucial role in fighting against the pandemic situation by supplying life-saving drugs to patients suffering from coronavirus. They will also provide the foundation for the Indian pharmaceutical industry to be the frontrunner in making drugs for future treatment of Inevitably this will have a significant impact on individuals abilities to pay rent, mortgages and various household expenditures. ( Teamwork as multidisciplinary and collaboration is amazing. Disruption in the local production process and international transport are the main reasons for the short supply in our country. All the front-line healthcare providers nonstop explore the most appropriate prevention, treatment, and diagnostic techniques. Methods: The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), is leading various efforts to finance and coordinate COVID-19 vaccine development [92]. The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus This was highly contributed by the large public investments in the implementation of the national strategy of transformation [7]. California Privacy Statement, Pharmacists and COVID-19 | Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Correspondence to Kent E. Eurogamer; 2020. $500bn in loans and loan guarantees to be issued by the US Treasury Department to small and large businesses. doi: 10.1016/j.japh.2020.08.029. statement and 2018;18(11):e355e361. Current short communication study assessed pharmaceutical market crisis during the COVID-19 era; discussing short- and long-term impacts of the pandemic on the pharmaceutical sector. Zaid Alsafi, Ahmed Al-Jabir, Christos Iosifidis, Maliha Agha: Conceptualization, Data curation, Resources, Writing original draft, Approval of final article. ( Economic growth exceeded 10% in 2019, and the strong growth was expected in 2020. Tokyo Olympics postponed to 2021 due to coronavirus pandemic. Res Soc Adm Pharm. It is however too early to speculate on the impact of COVID-19; as of yet, the infection has not had a significant impact on the housing market [[87], [88]]. Public sector can also get an authorization from the Ministry of Health or/and district pharmacies that allow them to buy pharmaceutical commodities from private wholesalers in case they are not in their stores. Bookshelf ) [21]. Jack S. BBC News; 2020 Mar 22. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies hSoHSQ?mN}e-9j{-rp5lzjM>-K)"%gdjh)D!-ss= ( ?X I@q|r0mt}f]W,vn A>Za-|%V^Xk:KDMpY!^LF[vN7Ws+Zg_k%-swWgj/ 8TRQvJz>+nlvO;b||cT(6R9:Nv%x;rrZh%]|d8U7Utqjr&c:Y3HT%mf{. Public and private sectors preserve the drug supply chain in Rwanda. Article 0000001768 00000 n Pharma as a sector has emerged as a strong contender to Activities redesigned and now clinical pharmacists are doing round virtually specifically in COVID-19 unit. Reuters. Social distancing, self-isolation and travel restrictions have lead to a reduced workforce across all economic sectors and caused many jobs to be lost. a | Mean number and median value (in US$ millions) of innovation-focused pharmaceutical deals PMC Edelweiss Securities says the novel coronavirus, or COVID-19, pandemic has caused severe supply-side disruptions in various sectors, earnings will be cut by 10-15%. However, savings on petrol are unlikely to be redirected into more spending as populations are instructed to practise social distancing and the working class are uncertain about job security. A descriptive qualitative survey using a phenomenological approach was conducted among key informants in the public and private pharmaceutical sectors of Namibia. The government of Rwanda restricted the movement of people crossing the borders, but allowed the passage of goods and cargo as a way to keep the continuous supply of goods including health commodities. 2020;382(8):72733. WebIt covers the impact and recovery trajectory of Covid 19 for all regions, key developed countries and major emerging markets. 2022 Feb 9;2(2):e0000176. First food parcels delivered to clinically vulnerable people - GOV.UK. Globally, border closures are on the rise. Europe has pledged a 1.7tn rescue package in an attempt to dampen the economic effects of COVID-19 on the eurozone with contributions from all member states, the UK, as well as countries in the area which do not for part of the European Union (eg. Bank of Japan pumps $43b in liquidity, largest amount since 2008. Riaz Agha Senior Author mail@riazagha.com. In the UK, AstraZeneca have indicated that COVID-19 is likely to affect its 2020 revenue growth. UK airlines call for multibillion bailout to survive Covid-19 crisis. volume13, Articlenumber:74 (2020) The MarketWatch News Department was not involved in the creation of this content. Unterricht an bayerischen Schulen wird eingestellt. Coronavirus The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is rapidly spreading across the world. It is prudent that governments and financial institutions constantly re-assess and re-evaluate the state of play and ensure that the whatever it takes promise is truly delivered. Food parcels coming for vulnerable individuals. The list of pharmaceuticals on high demand was publicly posted with their prices and qualities, and pharmacies were requested to comply with it. The reasons were limited importation of goods from abroad (mainly china and India), and the panic buying practice among the customers and some institutions when responding to the pandemic, and avoiding falling in possible health commodities shortage. In a bid to avoid the redirection of fiscal resources to the COVID-19 emergency response, the World Bank Group provided Rwanda with a credit of $ 14.25 million to fund the Rwanda COVID-19 Emergency Response Project [7]. Theogene Uwizeyimana. PDF rhjb6$\2T0` 764A0`HJ <> https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/rwanda/overview. 10-year Yield Dives below 0.7% after Fed Announces Unlimited Asset Purchases. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Profound changes to the dynamics of healthcare are likely to ensue, leading to massive investment into disease prevention infrastructure, and the accelerated digital transformation of healthcare delivery. Governments in resource-limited countries need to strengthen in-country Private-Public Partnerships as well as regional treaties for Universal Health Coverage in context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Mehmeti I, Bozo S, Kostrista E, Pojani E. Pharm Pract (Granada). Zhang H-W, Yu J, Xu H-J, Lei Y, Pu Z-H, Dai W-C, et al. However, the Rwandan Ministry of Trade and Industry warned, inspected and fined any company that raised the prices of essential commodities including pharmaceuticals amid the pandemic [9]. Dow Jones Today, Stocks Drop: Fed Stimulus; New York, California Lockdown; NYSE Floor Closes. 2004;10(3):406415. Keywords: Ford N, Vitoria M, Rangaraj A, Norris SL, Calmy A, Doherty M. Systematic review of the efficacy and safety of antiretroviral drugs against SARS, MERS or COVID-19: initial assessment. 2022 Dec 22;36:164. doi: 10.47176/mjiri.36.164. MGM Resorts International have also announced a temporary suspension in operation at its Las Vegas properties, with casino operations closing on 16th March, followed by hotel operations [68]. 4 0 obj Additionally, COVID-19 has left several hospitals in turmoil, having reached maximal capacity. Musso D., Rodriguez-Morales A.J., Levi J.E., Cao-Lormeau V.M., Gubler D.J. Community pharmacies and private health clinics or hospitals get medical commodities from these private wholesalers. The alliance has also called for the launch of the European Unemployment Reinsurance Scheme [72]. In the US, all foreign nationals from China, Iran and certain EU countries are barred from entering [78]. 2022 Mar 1;15:361-374. doi: 10.2147/RMHP.S348816. Controls to Minimize Disruption of the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain During the COVID-19 Pandemic. The Gates Foundation, Wellcome and Mastercard have also committed $125m to find new treatments for COVID-19 [93]. He further explains that bond markets could have difficulties in coping with large scale government bond issuance and that central banks may have to intervene by purchasing these bonds on an unprecedented scale [15]. In this case, MPPD uses intermediate suppliers that import drugs and other pharmaceutical products from manufacturers and sell them with increased prices that make health commodities quite expensive for public sectors. Nouhi M, Heydari M, Goudarzi Z, Shahtaheri RS, Ahmadzaeh A, Olyaeemanesh A. Med J Islam Repub Iran. The COVID-19 resultant geo-economic and geo-political paradigm in India has fostered a shift from drug production to higher awareness and innovation of drug, As a result, not only the wastage is prevented, but the number of medicine return to pharmacy also decreased and saved the pharmacy staff time previously wasted in rework. aImperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom, bUCL Medical School, University College London, United Kingdom, cBarts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom, dGKT School of Medical Education, King's College London, United Kingdom, fBarts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. 0000001901 00000 n Four potential vaccines are currently being tested on animals with the biotech firm Moderna entering human trials imminently [92]. The resilience of the agricultural sector has been tested by the COVID-19 outbreak. COVID-19 is coming for the chemical industry in 2020, BASF frets | IndustryWeek. Outside of the healthcare research setting, several institutions have put research in fields such as the humanities and social sciences on hold with Harvard University closing all laboratories in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences [30]. Many are worried that we will face another financial crisis, similar to that of 2008 that will impact confidence in real estate. Biosci Trends. COVID-19 Accessibility Coronavirus Outbreak Forces Cancellation of Multiple Esports Events. Impey C. Coronavirus: social distancing is delaying vital scientific research. The impact of the pandemic is far-reaching and access to health commodities is not spared. After the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China in December 2019, it spread all over the world. Coghlan R, Stephens P, Mwale B, Siyanga M. Malar J. Article Key financial deals which have shaped the market in recent years are identified. The role of clinical pharmacist demands to evaluate the recent literature and published guidelines of these off-label used medications as the associated adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of few of the off-label used drugs include flu-like symptoms, fever, and fatigue, which are actual symptoms of the COVID-19 disease. Jack SJ Simon. In Rwanda, the pharmaceutical sector heavily relies on imports. Bookshelf 0000007754 00000 n The main thematic challenges included bureaucratic bottlenecks and lack of emergency readiness of the medicine's logistics supply chain in Namibia. %PDF-1.4 % Internationally, Vietnam received approximately 1.45 million Chinese visitors in the first quarter of 2019, dropping by 644,000 in January of 2020. Disclaimer. UNESCO estimates that close to 900 million learners have been affected by the closure of educational institutions (Fig. The Kurzarbeitergeld, a subsidised scheme by the German Federal parliament (the Bundenstag), will look to compensate employees who fall ill or are unable to work due to the virus [46,47]. COVID-19 has had an impact on social mobility whereby schools are no longer able to provide free school meals for children from low-income families, social isolation and school dropout rates. Established relationships with the team had positive effect. A Statutory Sick Pay relief package for SMEs (Small and Medium sized Enterprises), A 12-month business rates holiday for all retail, hospitality, leisure and nursery businesses in England, Small business grant funding of 10,000 for all business in receipt of small business rate relief or rural rate relief, Grant funding of 25,000 for retail, hospitality and leisure businesses with property with a rateable value between 15,000 and 51,000, The Coronavirus Business Interruption Loan Scheme offering loans of up to 5 million for SMEs through the British Business Bank, A new lending facility from the Bank of England to help support liquidity among larger firms, helping them bridge coronavirus disruption to their cash flows through loans. 2020;8(6):e7545. 2021. Resilient leadership responding to COVID-19 | deloitte insights. The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic: Adaptations in medical education. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.010. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Further assisting front-line physicians for optimal dosing schedules, appropriate routes of administration. The .gov means its official. Uwizeyimana, T., Hashim, H.T., Kabakambira, J.D. endobj Chin Med. These include temporary state aid for the tourism and travel sector from national governments as well as fast and easy access to short- and medium-term loans to overcome liquidity shortages, including funds made available by the EU through the Corona Response Investment Initiative, and fiscal relief [71]. Eastern Mediterr Health J = La Revue de Sante de la Mediterranee Orientale = Al-majallah Al-sihhiyah Li-sharq Al-mutawassit. Conclusion: Medical Production and Procurement Division. Iran J Pharm Res: IJPR. Kurzarbeitergeld: bersicht - bundesagentur fr Arbeit. Govt lays out plan to reduce procurement of medical supplies. J Int AIDS Soc. WebCOVID-19, disrupting the supply chain In February 2020, the US Food & Drug Administration (FDA) announced that the COVID-19 outbreak would likely impact the medical product Article Inform Med Unlocked. After the rapid transmission and influx of COVID-19 patients in our hospital, pharmacy department has adopted the national guidelines and modified the activities to reduce human-to-human infections transmission. PubMedGoogle Scholar. In addition to the disruption in the supply chain, the capital market sector has also been affected. Weissman E, Buchner D, Hemachandra N, Siddeeg K, Samim Soroush M, Rahmanzai AJ, Chikvaidze P, Yassen ZM, Hasan H, Berraho M, Dghoughi N, Hafid H, Zaidi RM, Zulfiqar W, Awes S, Aabroo A, Uzma Q, Fiidow MAHM, Afrah AW, Ali AA, Awadalla AA, El Hassan MMO, Elkheir EB, Diaz T. PLOS Glob Public Health. This will have pronounced implications for perishable goods such as meat and vegetables. The foremost industry that is withering away because of coronavirus (COVID-19) is Manufacturing and logistics. This has led to complete shortage of some products that are usually needed by the population. This high demand on food products has also affected online food delivery. CNBC; 2020. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. OPEC's pact with Russia falls apart, sending oil into tailspin. Since 26th February 2020,when the first COVID-19 case was reported in Pakistan [3], health and health care systems have been disrupted extensively and most of the countries are still facing and fighting against the immediate consequences of higher mortality and morbidity rate due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) [3]. WHO | Regional Office for Africa. 2018 Sep 10;11:21. doi: 10.1186/s40545-018-0148-8. We decided to make changes in the process flow to stop this wastage of expensive medications and ultimately save the cost. Oil prices, stocks plunge after Saudi Arabia stuns world with massive discounts. Over 80% of respondents anticipated a decline in turnover over the next 2 quarters, with 98% admitting concern about the negative impact of the pandemic on business operations [16]. Kolahchi Z, De Domenico M, Uddin LQ, Cauda V, Grossmann I, Lacasa L, Grancini G, Mahmoudi M, Rezaei N. Adv Exp Med Biol. Conclusion: In anticipation of recovery in the tourism industry post COVID-19, this study examines the economic impact of tourism on economic growth and other macroeconomic variables in a panel of 46 countries. The data is therefore available and not of a confidential nature. The COVID-19 has brought the digital transformation in the pharmaceutical sector, which has increased the usage of digital technologies all around the world. Privacy 0000011422 00000 n endobj As a direct consequence of COVID-19, The World Travel and Tourism Council has warned that 50 million jobs in the global travel and tourism sector may be at risk [70]. Springer Nature. Coronavirus: travel restrictions, border shutdowns by country | Coronavirus pandemic News. Based on above known transmissions & spreading Drug shortage crisis in Sudan in times of COVID-19. How coronavirus has affected real estate. House prices: could house prices crash over coronavirus? Results: France, Spain and Italy have also promised 345bn, 200bn and 25bn respectively, to help support businesses [44]. Breakeven oil prices underscore shale's impact on the market. Ali AA, Azfar AI, Hamad A, Abdul K. Evaluation of medicine return from wards to inpatient pharmacy in tertiary care hospital. Gan WH, Lim JW, David K. Preventing intra-hospital infection and transmission of COVID-19 in healthcare workers. Thesis. 2020;8(4):4202. The data was Jack S. BBC News; 2020 Mar 18. With the WHO raising COVD-19's status to a pandemic, 35 companies and academic institutions are racing to develop an effective vaccine. In Rwanda, drug supply chain is mainly challenged by lack of enough local drug manufacturers and high dependence on international manufacturers. hb```,G@(q)jX].#(%I 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in over 4.3 million confirmed cases and over 290,000 deaths globally. At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, a multi-ministerial committee was established, and led by the prime minister. Romano S, Galante H, Figueira D, Mendes Z, Rodrigues AT. ( In critical areas after positive cases being treated in hospital, the drugs exposed directly to the environment of the wards of COVID-19 were decided not to be returned for credit to protect the staff [17, 18]. However, Wren-Lewis [26] posits a view that this impact will be short-lived as its cause is known and defined and therefore will have a clear endpoint, unlike a normal economic recession. MPs in plea to government over UK's Covid-19 stockpiling. 2019;38(4):7128. With the emergence of COVID-19 pandemic, the drug supply system was interrupted leaving many stores from small local pharmacies to the big medical stores running out of stock. UK to Pay Wages for Workers Facing Job Losses. The government has also recommended that buyers and lenders delay negotiations during the lockdown, bringing transactions to a halt [86]. | Express.co.UK. The concentrated time spent in lockdown means that vulnerable people are more exposed to abuse and it is more difficult for them to seek help. The data was analysed using SmartPLS ver.3.0. Epub 2020 May 23. When needed telephonic communication was arranged and created a WhatsApp group of all health care professionals. Airbnb Hotels seek US government aid as demand flattens. University of Rwanda; 2016. http://dr.ur.ac.rw/handle/123456789/222. In this pandemic situation in Pakistan, a country with limited resources, all the clinical pharmacists under the leadership command collaborated to actively participate and give maximum utility of their pharmacological expertise with activities modification. COVID-19 and commercial pharma: Navigating an uneven
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