growth of mumbai in 19th and 20th century
There was strong The blasts occurred at the Opera House, Zaveri Bazaar, and Dadar,[202] which left 26 killed, and 130 injured. Technology has changed the world in many ways, but perhaps no period introduced more changes than the Second Industrial Revolution. Under new building rules set up in 1748, many houses were demolished and the population was redistributed, partially on newly reclaimed land. [163] In the 1955 Lok Sabha discussions, when Bombay State was being re-organised along linguistic lines into the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. 4 21st century. governed by Historians of the city have tended to focus primarily on the period before 1930; this tendency has seriously limited our understanding of the dramatic transformations that have taken place in Bombay over the course of the twentieth century. In the 19th and early 20 century, the population of Mumbai mainly consisted of those born outside. This review examines three books major on the history of Bombay. The Maratha empire under the Peshwas fell to the machinations of state. broke out this year. Early Labor Unions. [16] The Greek merchant Cosmas Indicopleustes visited Kalyan (near Mumbai) during 530550. [32] Firishta, a Persian historian, recorded that by 1429 the seat of government of the Gujarat Sultanate in north Konkan had transferred from Thane to Mahim. Introduction. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. [99] On 17 February 1803, a fire raged through the town, razing many localities around the Old Fort, subsequently the British had to plan a new town with wider roads. This had long been a mainstay of Bombay's commerce. A new development took place with the opening of An ambitious scheme for the construction of a seawall in Back Bay to reclaim an area of 1,300 acres (525 hectares) of land was proposed in 1918, but it was not finished until the completion of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Road (Marine Drive) from Nariman Point to Malabar Pointthe first two-way highway of its kind in Indiaafter World War II (193945). in the Company militia revolted. They were given a mission by the growing social problems of in-dustry, cities, immigration, and prolonged depressions, rst in the 1870s and later in the 1890s. barracks, each building had three floors. Cholera epidemics hit unsanitary cities hardest, and The Times newspaper in London labelled cholera "the best of all sanitary reformers". Among the most notable of those were the bombing of a train in July 2006 and the simultaneous siege of several sites in the city in late November 2008; nearly 200 lives were lost in each of the two incidents. [142] The cotton mill industry was adversely affected during 1900 and 1901 due to the flight of workers because of the plague. [75][76] Bombay was placed at the head of all the Company's establishments in India. [citation needed], Geologists believe that the coast of western India came into being around 100 to 80mya, after it broke away from Madagascar. [citation needed] The Kolis and Aagri (a Marathi-Konkani people) were the earliest known settlers of the islands.The Maurya Empire gained control of the islands during the 3rd century BCE and transformed them into a centre of Hindu-Buddhist culture and religion. [192] On 25 August 2003, two blasts in South Mumbai one near the Gateway of India and the other at Zaveri Bazaar in Kalbadevi occurred. [117] The Victoria Gardens was opened to the public in 1862. The Treaty of Bassein (1534) between the Portuguese viceroy Nuno da Cunha and Bahadur Shah of Gujarat, placed the islands into Portuguese possession in 1534. [144] On 22 July 1908, Lokmanya Tilak, the principal advocate of the Swadeshi movement in Bombay, was sentenced to six years rigorous imprisonment, on the charge of writing inflammatory articles against the Government in his newspaper Kesari. By the second decade of the century the population of Greater Mumbai was approaching 20 million. It connected Bombay Island to Kurla in Salsette. [181] A series of 13 co-ordinated bomb explosions took place in Bombay on 12 March 1993, which resulted in 257 deaths and 700 injuries. The Lord Willingdon Memorial incident of December 1918 saw the handicap of Home Rulers in Bombay. He implemented Aungier's plans for the fortification of the island, and had walls built from Dongri in the north to Mendham's point in the south. [100] In May 1804, Bombay was hit by a severe famine, which led to a large-scale emigration. Bombay's ethnic soup. The Bombay plague epidemic was a bubonic plague epidemic that struck the city of Bombay (present-day Mumbai) in the late nineteenth century. This volcanic activity resulted in the formation of basaltic outcrops, such as the Gilbert Hill, that are seen at various locations in the city. October, 1884 Protocols of the Proceedings", "The New Annual Register, Or General Repository of History, Politics, and Literature, for the Year 1813", "Bombay in the making: Being mainly a history of the origin and growth of judicial institutions in the Western Presidency, 16611726", "Indian Shipping: A Case Study of the Working of Imperialism", "Portuguese Settlements on the Western Coast", "Essays on Indian Antiquities, Historic, Numismatic, and Palographic, of the Late James Prinsep", "Bombay Place-Names and Street-Names:An excursion into the by-ways of the history of Bombay City", Portuguese India History: The Northern Province: Bassein, Bombay-Mumbai, Damao, Chaul, A collection of pages on Mumbai's History, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya (Prince of Wales Museum), Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST), Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport, Institute of Chemical Technology (formerly UDCT), Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI), Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies (JBIMS), SP Jain Institute of Management and Research, Sydenham Institute of Management Studies, Research and Entrepreneurship Education(SIMSREE), Ramniranjan Anandilal Podar College of Commerce and Economics, V. G. Vaze College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Raja Shivaji Vidyalaya (King George High School), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences (UM-DAE CBS), Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago, Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mumbai&oldid=1150987842, Articles with dead external links from August 2021, Articles with dead external links from March 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with dead external links from February 2023, Wikipedia introduction cleanup from June 2022, Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from June 2022, All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Chandavarkar, Rajnarayan. in this century. Elphinstone was the 53.00 (ISBN 978--521-76871-9). The 1920 Census revealed that more Americans lived in cities than the countryside for the first time. [91] Salsette, Elephanta, Hog Island, and Karanja were formally ceded to the British East India Company by the Treaty of Salbai signed in 1782, while Bassein and its dependencies were restored to Raghunathrao of the Maratha Empire. [120] Tramway communication was instituted in 1873. Already [67] Gerald Aungier, who was appointed Governor of Bombay in July 1669, established the first mint in Bombay in 1670. Cambridge Journals publishes over 250 peer-reviewed academic journals across a wide range of subject areas, in print and online. residents moving out of the central fort area. agreement with the East India Company. [110] The first political organization of the Bombay Presidency, the Bombay Association, was started on 26 August 1852, to vent public grievances to the British. [82] In 1728, a Mayor's court was established in Bombay and the first reclamation was started which was a temporary work in Mahalaxmi, on the creek separating Bombay from Worli. [70] The harbour was also developed during his governorship, with space for the berthing of 20 ships. In the late 18th and early 19th century railway network came into being in Mumbai due to which Mumbai became central in the trade and commerce and with the emergence of port . The population would grow gradually throughout the 19 th century, rising to over 240 million by 1900. [47] The San Miguel (St. Michael Church) in Mahim, one of the oldest churches in Bombay, was built by the Portuguese in 1540. [20] Dantidurga of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty of Karnataka conquered the islands during 749750. [149] In 1926, the Back Bay scandal occurred, when the Bombay Development Department under the British reclaimed the Back Bay area in Bombay after the financial crisis incidental to the post-war slump in the city. The bomb killed 1 and injured 25. [citation needed] Later, between the 2nd century BCE and 10th . important commercial area. [105] In 1836, the Chamber of Commerce was established. In 1857 the first spinning and weaving mill was established, and by 1860 the city had become the largest cotton market in India. [107] The Cotton Exchange was established in Cotton Green in 1844. [150] The first electric locomotives in India were put into service from Victoria Terminus to Kurla in 1925. So the Dabbawala service was set up to bring lunch to these people in their workplace straight from their home. Mumbai ca. 1890. [21] The Walkeshwar Temple was constructed during the 10th century[22] and the Banganga Tank during the 12th century under the patronage of the Silhara rulers. 1857 marks a watershed in Indian history. No group claimed responsibility for the attack, but it had been hinted that the Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Toiba was behind the attacks.[193]. 5 See also. Mahim to Sion by a causeway. [13] The islands were known as Heptanesia (Ancient Greek: A Cluster of Seven Islands) to the Greek geographer Ptolemy in 150CE. [102] The success of the British campaign in the Deccan witnessed the freedom of Bombay from all attacks by native powers. [49] Salsette was granted for three years to Joo Rodrigues Dantas, Cosme Corres, and Manuel Corres. [161], After the Partition of India on 15 August 1947, over 100,000 Sindhi refugees from the newly created Pakistan were relocated in the military camps five kilometres from Kalyan in the Maharashta Region. Most often, the mill workers were men whose families stayed back in [135] On 11 August 1893, a serious communal riot took place between the Hindus and Muslims, when a Shiva temple was attacked by Muslims in Bombay. Under the Yadavas of Devagiri (later Daulatabad; 11871318), the settlement of Mahikavati (Mahim) on Bombay Island was founded in response to raids from the north by the Khalji dynasty of Hindustan in 1294. Historian Paul Moon has looked in depth at the development of Auckland over the 10 decades from 1900, drawing on diaries, newspapers and oral histories of the time. into rebuilding the core of the town into a grand showpiece. [37] During 14911494, the islands suffered sea piracies from Bahadur Khan Gilani, a nobleman of the Bahamani Sultanate. East India Company; after the war it reverted to the Crown. By Rajnarayan Chandavarkar. Modelled after army The opening in 1869 of the Suez Canal, which greatly facilitated trade with Britain and continental Europe, also contributed to Bombays prosperity. At the same time, it suggests that historians need to consider Gyan Prakash's view of cities as 'patched-up societies' whose entirety cannot be understood through single, linear models of change. near the Victoria Terminus. to accommodate the whole family. "Workers' politics and the mill districts in Bombay between the wars. Several social and religious reform movements were started with the notion of social reform and religious revival in the country. The worldwide influenza epidemic raged through Bombay from September to December 1918, causing hundreds of deaths per day. With their regional control for over 200 years, it paved a way for modernization of the country thereby significantly influencing the art, culture and architecture. Mumbai/Bombay has long been the subject of sophisticated work by historians. communication, in turn, fed commerce through the port of Bombay. can now only be seen as part of the boundary wall of St. George Hospital, opposition to this move, and the walls were not removed. Nothing happenned, but The original work is not included in the purchase of this review. among the British, but also among Indians. by the joining together of In the meanwhile, By the mid 19th century, Bombay had developed into one of the most important ports and trading centres in India. There was a rapid [31] It was reconquered by Rai Qutb of the Gujarat Sultanate. The built-up area has depicted a positive growth of 14.01% during the period 1965 to 1992, 10.53% during the 1992 to 2010. [177] The Great Bombay Textile Strike was called on 18 January 1982 by trade union leader Dutta Samant, where nearly 250,000 workers and more than 50 textile mills in Bombay went on strike. The University of Bombay was the first modern institution of higher education to be established in India in 1857. The city's infrastructure was improved considerably with the construction of new highways and bridges, expansion of port facilities, and the inauguration of new public-transit systems. of Marathi speaking migrants from the ghats, adding yet another flavour to In 1950 the population of Mumbai was around 3 million. The tragedy was to have a positive [199] Attacks included assault on North Indian taxi drivers and damage of their vehicles. After the establishment of the Gujarat Sultanate in 1391, Muzaffar Shah I was appointed viceroy of north Konkan. This began the process of wealthy [175] Nehru Science Centre, India's largest interactive science centre, was established in 1972 at Worli in Bombay. [200] There were a series of ten coordinated terrorist attacks by 10 armed Pakistani men using automatic weapons and grenades which began on 26 November 2008 and ended on 29 November 2008. [5] The islands were coalesced into a single landmass by the Hornby Vellard engineering project in 1784. and its hinterland was to become necessary. [147] Bombay was the main centre of the Rowlatt Satyagraha movement started by Mahatma Gandhi from February April 1919. Governor of Bombay, and in 1864 had the walls of the fort removed. In the 1960s and 1970s, Shiv Sena fought for rights of native Marathis. For more than five decades EPW has remained a unique forum that week after week has brought together academics, researchers, policy makers, independent thinkers, members of non-governmental organisations and political activists for debates straddling economics, politics, sociology, culture, the environment and numerous other disciplines. By joining large numbers of Indians, and claimed to have uncovered a conspiracy to The movement was started as a result of the Rowlatt Act, which indefinitely extended emergency measures during World War I in order to control public unrest. was then made Commissioner of the Deccan in 1818. [64][65] The Company immediately set about the task of opening up the islands by constructing a quay and warehouses. Many of these journals are the leading academic publications in their fields and together they form one of the most valuable and comprehensive bodies of research available today. [191] On 28 July 2003, a bomb placed under a seat of a BEST bus exploded in Ghatkopar. [166] Following protests by the Samyukta Maharashtra movement in which 105 people were killed by police firing, Maharashtra State was formed with Bombay as its capital on 1 May 1960. Dan Ives of Wedbush Securities, an investment firm . Under the leadership of several Princes, the Sepoys A Portuguese attempt to conquer Mahim failed in 1507, but in 1534 Sultan Bahdur Shah, the ruler of Gujarat, ceded the island to the Portuguese. Modern Asian Studies The Portuguese Viceroy declined to interfere and Shipman was prevented from landing in Bombay. was at Kirki in November 1817. In 2009, 12 percent of American workers belonged to unions. This paper calls upon historians to continue to apply the tools of social history, particularly its reliance on close microcosmic studies of particular places and groups over long periods of time, as they try to bridge the gap between the early twentieth century and the later twentieth century. The police commissioner, Charles Forjett arrested [103] By 1830, regular communication with England started by steamers navigating the Red and Mediterranean Sea. He was forced to retire to the island of Anjediva in North Canara and died there in October 1664. [citation needed] During the English East India Company's rule in mid-18th century, it emerged as an important port city, having maritime trade contacts with Mecca, Basra etc. In response to those problems, the City Improvement Trust was established to open new localities for settlement and to erect dwellings for the artisan classes. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya (Prince of Wales Museum), Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST), Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport, Institute of Chemical Technology (formerly UDCT), Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI), Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies (JBIMS), SP Jain Institute of Management and Research, Sydenham Institute of Management Studies, Research and Entrepreneurship Education(SIMSREE), Ramniranjan Anandilal Podar College of Commerce and Economics, V. G. Vaze College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Raja Shivaji Vidyalaya (King George High School), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences (UM-DAE CBS), Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Growth_of_Mumbai&oldid=964047190, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 1951: 2,966,902 (0.1% of the world population), This page was last edited on 23 June 2020, at 08:41. Mumbai is India's largest industrial, financial and commercial centre. [11] The Kalachuris of Central India ruled the islands during the fifth century,[15] which were then acquired by the Mauryas of Konkan in the sixth and early part of the seventh century. Further tectonic activity in the region led to the formation of hilly islands separated by a shallow sea. The islands came under the control of the Muslim rulers of Gujarat in 1348, ending the sovereignty of Hindu rulers over the islands. [174] The Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) was set up on 26 January 1975 by the Government of Maharashtra as an apex body for planning and co-ordination of development activities in the Mumbai metropolitan region. [94] In 1784, the Hornby Vellard project was completed and soon reclamations at Worli and Mahalaxmi followed. [127] The Princess Dock was built in 1885 as part of a scheme for improving the whole foreshore of the Bombay harbour. [165] The Indian Institute of Technology Bombay was established in 1958 at Powai, a northern suburb of Bombay. [11], The Silhara dynasty of Konkan ruled the region between 810 and 1260. [103] The Bombay Municipal Corporation was established in 1872, providing a modern framework of governance for the rapidly growing city. The blast occurred a day after the tenth anniversary of the 1993 Bombay bombings. By the second decade of the century the population of Greater Mumbai was approaching 20 million. Even the social sciences expanded and splintered in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. [167] Flora Fountain was renamed Hutatma Chowk ("Martyr's Square") as a memorial to the Samyukta Maharashtra movement. With the opening of [56], The annexation of Portugal by Spain in 1580 opened the way for other European powers to follow the spice routes to India. The Maurya Empire gained control of the islands during the 3rd century BCE and transformed them into a centre of Hindu-Buddhist culture and religion. Afghan Church [67] The Bombay Coast and River Steam Navigation Company was established in 1866 for the maintenance of steam ferries between Bombay and the nearby islands;[67] while the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 revolutionized the marine trade of Bombay. The growth of Mumbai is remarkable in the sense that it was a set of seven small islands inhabited by traditional fisherman mostly. each given over to one person, and a common toilet. Abstract. [123] The Bombay Stock Exchange, the oldest stock exchange in Asia, was established in 1875. [108] The Commercial Bank of India, established in 1845, issued exotic notes with an interblend of Western and Eastern Motifs. In the year to March, Apple's revenues in India were almost $6bn, an increase of nearly 50% on a year earlier, according to Bloomberg. In the second half of the 19th century, a large textile industry grew up in the city and surrounding towns, operated by Indian entrepreneurs. The revolutionaries were brutally "Jobbers and the emergence of trade unions in Bombay city. had already been built towards the end of the 18th Century. The following is a timeline of the growth of Mumbai's population over the last four centuries: Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. [119] The Bombay Port Trust was promulgated in 1870 for the development and administration of the port. It is 25.4% less than in comparison to the 1965 to 1992, but the total. [7] They were Dravidian in origin and included a large number of scattered tribes along the Vindhya Plateau, Gujarat, and Konkan. Note: This article is a review of another work, such as a book, film, musical composition, etc. The British colonialism in India lasted for about 190 years, beginning in 1757 and ended with India's independence in 1947. [179] The Jawaharlal Nehru Port was commissioned on 26 May 1989 at Nhava Sheva with a view to de-congest Bombay Harbour and to serve as a hub port for the city. Please help by moving some material from it into the body of the article. [26] He belonged to either the Yadava dynasty of Devagiri in Maharashtra or the Anahilavada dynasty of Gujarat. The islands were wrested from Pratapbimba's control by Mubarak Khan, a self-proclaimed regent of the Khalji dynasty, who occupied Mahim and Salsette in 1318. first rails were laid for a 21 mile stretch between Thane and Bombay. [50] Garcia de Orta, a Portuguese physician and botanist, was granted the possession of Bombay in 1554 by viceroy Pedro Mascarenhas. I am looking for population data (or datasets) for Mumbai/Bombay, India going back as far as 1850s. By the time the newspapers had confirmed news East India Company at the beginning of the century. 1803 - Fire. Russia has returned to its pre-20th century role, tension between Greece and Turkey is heightened and the revolutions of 1848 feel less distant Viewed on a timeline, the events and the people of . Avabai, Lady Request Permissions, Published By: Economic and Political Weekly. [36] After the death of Kutb Khan, the Gujarat commandant of Mahim, Ahmad Shah I Wali again despatched a large army to capture Mahim. For more than five decades EPW has remained a unique forum that week after week has brought together academics, researchers, policy makers, independent thinkers, members of non-governmental organisations and political activists for debates straddling economics, politics, sociology, culture, the environment and numerous other disciplines. Plague, for example, broke out in 1896. Every floor contained rooms, [180] In December 1992 January 93, over 1,000 people were killed and the city paralyzed by communal riots between the Hindus and the Muslims caused by the destruction of the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya. In the latter part of the 19th century, many cotton spinning and weaving mills also came up in Bombay. 2 [57] The first English merchants arrived in Bombay in November 1583, and travelled through Bassein, Thane, and Chaul. [73] The Treaty of Westminster concluded between England and the Netherlands in 1674, relieved the British settlements in Bombay of further apprehension from the Dutch. [68] He offered various business incentives, which attracted Parsis, Goans, Jews, Dawoodi Bohras, Gujarati Banias from Surat and Diu, and Brahmins from Salsette. with the opening of Bombay's first cotton mill, it was to become an Soon after its detachment, the peninsular region of the Indian plate drifted over the Runion hotspot, a volcanic hotspot in the Earth's lithosphere near the island of Runion. [55] After Antonio Pessoa's death in 1571, a patent was issued which granted Mazagaon in perpetuity to the Sousa e Lima family. Colaba in 1844, establishing this newly opened up section as an Please read the, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, History of Mumbai under indigenous empires, History of Bombay under Portuguese rule (15341661), Bombay, Baroda, and Central India Railway, Bombay Shipping and Iron Shipping Companies, Bombay Coast and River Steam Navigation Company, Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority, City and Industrial Development Corporation, History of Mumbai during the 21st century, Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport, "Pay dirt: Treasure amidst Mumbai's trash", "What about Gateway of India, Banganga Tank? [6] The Koli fishing community had long inhabited the islands. By 2020 it had reached an estimated population of 20 million, making it the 9th largest city by population in the world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009, pp. The Shiv Sena party was established on 19 June 1966 by Bombay cartoonist Bal Thackeray, out of a feeling of resentment about the relative marginalization of the native Marathi people in their native state Maharashtra. [49] The St. Andrew Church at Bandra was built in 1575. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions
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